Ecophysiological impacts of Esca, a devastating grapevine trunk disease, on Vitis vinifera L.
Identifieur interne : 000178 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000177; suivant : 000179Ecophysiological impacts of Esca, a devastating grapevine trunk disease, on Vitis vinifera L.
Auteurs : Loris Ouadi [France] ; Emilie Bruez [France] ; Sylvie Bastien [France] ; Jessica Vallance [France] ; Pascal Lecomte [France] ; Jean-Christophe Domec [France] ; Patrice Rey [France]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2019.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- microbiologie : Bois, Feuilles de plante, Maladies des plantes, Vitis, Xylème.
- métabolisme : Eau.
- pathogénicité : Champignons.
- physiologie : Transpiration des plantes.
- France, Saisons, Température.
- Wicri :
- geographic : France.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Water.
- geographic : France.
- microbiology : Plant Diseases, Plant Leaves, Vitis, Wood, Xylem.
- pathogenicity : Fungi.
- physiology : Plant Transpiration.
- Seasons, Temperature.
Abstract
Esca is a Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD) caused by a broad range of taxonomically unrelated fungal pathogens. These attack grapevine wood tissues inducing necroses even in the conductive vascular tissues, thus affecting the vine physiology and potentially leading to plant death. However, the influence of Esca on leaf and whole-plant water transport disruption remains poorly understood. In this paper, a detailed analysis of xylem-related physiological parameters in grapevines that expressed Esca-foliar symptoms was carried out. The experiments were conducted in a vineyard in the Bordeaux region (France) on cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines, which were monitored for Esca-foliar symptoms over a two-year period. Heat dissipation sap-flow sensors were installed during the summer on grapevines having expressed or not Esca-foliar symptoms. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration were also measured. Physiological monitoring showed that sap flow density and whole-plant transpiration of Esca-infected grapevines decreased significantly a week before the first foliar symptoms appeared. When atmospheric water demand (Vapour Pressure Deficit, VPD) was the highest, both parameters tended to be about twice as low in symptomatic grapevines as in asymptomatic ones. Sap flow density data at the maximum transpiration-time, was systematically 29-30% lower in Esca-infected grapevines compared to control plants before or after the appearance of Esca-foliar symptoms. This trend was observed whatever the temperatures and VPD values measured. In Esca-diseased plants, larger amounts of necrotic wood, mainly white rot, were found in the trunk and cordon of symptomatic grapevines compared to healthy ones, suggesting necroses have an influence in reducing the whole-plant hydraulic capacity. This study reveals that the use of physiological monitoring methods, together with the visual monitoring of foliar symptoms, could prove useful in providing accurate measurements of Esca disease severity.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222586
PubMed: 31536576
PubMed Central: PMC6752872
Affiliations:
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du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruez, Emilie" sort="Bruez, Emilie" uniqKey="Bruez E" first="Emilie" last="Bruez">Emilie Bruez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UR Œnologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UR Œnologie, Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastien, Sylvie" sort="Bastien, Sylvie" uniqKey="Bastien S" first="Sylvie" last="Bastien">Sylvie Bastien</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vallance, Jessica" sort="Vallance, Jessica" uniqKey="Vallance J" first="Jessica" last="Vallance">Jessica Vallance</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lecomte, Pascal" sort="Lecomte, Pascal" uniqKey="Lecomte P" first="Pascal" last="Lecomte">Pascal Lecomte</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domec, Jean Christophe" sort="Domec, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Domec J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Domec">Jean-Christophe Domec</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rey, Patrice" sort="Rey, Patrice" uniqKey="Rey P" first="Patrice" last="Rey">Patrice Rey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Villenave d'Ornon</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>France (MeSH)</term><term>Fungi (pathogenicity)</term><term>Plant Diseases (microbiology)</term><term>Plant Leaves (microbiology)</term><term>Plant Transpiration (physiology)</term><term>Seasons (MeSH)</term><term>Temperature (MeSH)</term><term>Vitis (microbiology)</term><term>Water (metabolism)</term><term>Wood (microbiology)</term><term>Xylem (microbiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Bois (microbiologie)</term><term>Champignons (pathogénicité)</term><term>Eau (métabolisme)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (microbiologie)</term><term>France (MeSH)</term><term>Maladies des plantes (microbiologie)</term><term>Saisons (MeSH)</term><term>Température (MeSH)</term><term>Transpiration des plantes (physiologie)</term><term>Vitis (microbiologie)</term><term>Xylème (microbiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Water</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>France</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Bois</term><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Maladies des plantes</term><term>Vitis</term><term>Xylème</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Diseases</term><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Vitis</term><term>Wood</term><term>Xylem</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Eau</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungi</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Champignons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Transpiration des plantes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Transpiration</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Seasons</term><term>Temperature</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>France</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Température</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>France</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Esca is a Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD) caused by a broad range of taxonomically unrelated fungal pathogens. These attack grapevine wood tissues inducing necroses even in the conductive vascular tissues, thus affecting the vine physiology and potentially leading to plant death. However, the influence of Esca on leaf and whole-plant water transport disruption remains poorly understood. In this paper, a detailed analysis of xylem-related physiological parameters in grapevines that expressed Esca-foliar symptoms was carried out. The experiments were conducted in a vineyard in the Bordeaux region (France) on cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines, which were monitored for Esca-foliar symptoms over a two-year period. Heat dissipation sap-flow sensors were installed during the summer on grapevines having expressed or not Esca-foliar symptoms. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration were also measured. Physiological monitoring showed that sap flow density and whole-plant transpiration of Esca-infected grapevines decreased significantly a week before the first foliar symptoms appeared. When atmospheric water demand (Vapour Pressure Deficit, VPD) was the highest, both parameters tended to be about twice as low in symptomatic grapevines as in asymptomatic ones. Sap flow density data at the maximum transpiration-time, was systematically 29-30% lower in Esca-infected grapevines compared to control plants before or after the appearance of Esca-foliar symptoms. This trend was observed whatever the temperatures and VPD values measured. In Esca-diseased plants, larger amounts of necrotic wood, mainly white rot, were found in the trunk and cordon of symptomatic grapevines compared to healthy ones, suggesting necroses have an influence in reducing the whole-plant hydraulic capacity. This study reveals that the use of physiological monitoring methods, together with the visual monitoring of foliar symptoms, could prove useful in providing accurate measurements of Esca disease severity.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">31536576</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1932-6203</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>14</Volume><Issue>9</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PloS one</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS One</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Ecophysiological impacts of Esca, a devastating grapevine trunk disease, on Vitis vinifera L.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0222586</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pone.0222586</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Esca is a Grapevine Trunk Disease (GTD) caused by a broad range of taxonomically unrelated fungal pathogens. These attack grapevine wood tissues inducing necroses even in the conductive vascular tissues, thus affecting the vine physiology and potentially leading to plant death. However, the influence of Esca on leaf and whole-plant water transport disruption remains poorly understood. In this paper, a detailed analysis of xylem-related physiological parameters in grapevines that expressed Esca-foliar symptoms was carried out. The experiments were conducted in a vineyard in the Bordeaux region (France) on cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines, which were monitored for Esca-foliar symptoms over a two-year period. Heat dissipation sap-flow sensors were installed during the summer on grapevines having expressed or not Esca-foliar symptoms. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration were also measured. Physiological monitoring showed that sap flow density and whole-plant transpiration of Esca-infected grapevines decreased significantly a week before the first foliar symptoms appeared. When atmospheric water demand (Vapour Pressure Deficit, VPD) was the highest, both parameters tended to be about twice as low in symptomatic grapevines as in asymptomatic ones. Sap flow density data at the maximum transpiration-time, was systematically 29-30% lower in Esca-infected grapevines compared to control plants before or after the appearance of Esca-foliar symptoms. This trend was observed whatever the temperatures and VPD values measured. In Esca-diseased plants, larger amounts of necrotic wood, mainly white rot, were found in the trunk and cordon of symptomatic grapevines compared to healthy ones, suggesting necroses have an influence in reducing the whole-plant hydraulic capacity. This study reveals that the use of physiological monitoring methods, together with the visual monitoring of foliar symptoms, could prove useful in providing accurate measurements of Esca disease severity.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ouadi</LastName><ForeName>Loris</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bruez</LastName><ForeName>Emilie</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UR Œnologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bastien</LastName><ForeName>Sylvie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vallance</LastName><ForeName>Jessica</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lecomte</LastName><ForeName>Pascal</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Domec</LastName><ForeName>Jean-Christophe</ForeName><Initials>JC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR1391 Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rey</LastName><ForeName>Patrice</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7250-0114</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS One</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101285081</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1932-6203</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>059QF0KO0R</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014867">Water</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005602" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">France</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005658" MajorTopicYN="N">Fungi</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010935" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Diseases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018526" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Transpiration</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012621" MajorTopicYN="N">Seasons</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013696" MajorTopicYN="N">Temperature</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D027843" MajorTopicYN="N">Vitis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014867" MajorTopicYN="N">Water</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014934" MajorTopicYN="N">Wood</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D052584" MajorTopicYN="N">Xylem</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="N">microbiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2019</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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